Design activities: how to analyze cognitive effort associated to cognitive treatments?

Working memory issues are important in many real activities. Thus, measuring cognitive effort (or mental load) has been a main research topic for years in cognitive ergonomics, though no consensual method to study such aspect has been proposed. In addition, we argue that cognitive effort has to be related to an analysis of the evolution of cognitive processes, which has been called "time processing". Towards this end, we present and discuss paradigms that have been used for years to study writing activities and, in experiments reported in this paper, for studying design activities, such as computer-graphic tasks or web site desig

ACTIVITÉS DE CONCEPTION ET CRÉATIVITÉ : DE L'ANALYSE DES FACTEURS COGNITIFS À L'ASSISTANCE AUX ACTIVITÉS DE CONCEPTION CRÉATIVES

International audienceA challenge for designers is to reach design solutions and to define products that are both new and adapted to the context and to future users or consumers. Indeed, to be competitive, companies have to regularly propose new products to consumers. Moreover, we can consider that there is « something » more than technical knowledge and expertise in design activities : the designers' creativity. We especially argue that non routine design activities are situated on a continuum going from minor creative activities to major creative activities. In line with this view, we first describe examples observed in real-life situations, which show the role of analogies in creative design activities. We also compare cognitive processes described in models of design and in models of creativity. A crucial objective is then pursued : to enhance the emergence of creative ideas from designers. Towards this end, we present experimental results about designers' evocation processes, which suggest how to support professional designers in extending their research space of ideas. Finally, we describe computational systems, whose functioning is derived from such results, and we propose new directions for supporting complementary processes involved in creative design activities

The complex TIE between macrophages and angiogenesis

Macrophages are primarily known as phagocytic immune cells, but they also play a role in diverse processes, such as morphogenesis, homeostasis and regeneration. In this review, we discuss the influence of macrophages on angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation from the pre-existing vasculature. Macrophages play crucial roles at each step of the angiogenic cascade, starting from new blood vessel sprouting to the remodelling of the vascular plexus and vessel maturation. Macrophages form promising targets for both pro- and anti-angiogenic treatments. However, to target macrophages, we will first need to understand the mechanisms that control the functional plasticity of macrophages during each of the steps of the angiogenic cascade. Here, we review recent insights in this topic. Special attention will be given to the TIE2-expressing macrophage (TEM), which is a subtype of highly angiogenic macrophages that is able to influence angiogenesis via the angiopoietin-TIE pathway

Kansei information processes in early design : design cognition and computation

This chapter considers the Kansei information processes involved in the early design process. It emphasizes the necessity of formalizing the earliest phases of design, i. e. the information phase. After a longitudinal research led since 1997, a theoretical model of the information phase of design was proposed. This model was then refined through experiments that we led from various research projects that were developed during the last years thanks to national and European supports. In the framework of the research presented here, the objective was to refine the model especially by considering the cognitive implicit operations which occur in the early generative phases, i. e. between the inspirational phases and the sketching ones. The paper starts with the definition of the following terms: design process, design information, sectors of analogy, kansei information, kansei structures and kansei rules. Kansei information characterizes the whole corpus of information which the designers deal with in the early design process. Especially, from the information phase, the creative process based on metaphors and analogies is decrypted and formalized, with the extraction of generic rules that, after understanding, may be used more systematically in the generative phase of design through future computer aided design tools. Finally we discuss some advances related to cognition and computation of Kansei processes in design.AN

Human factors and ergonomics design principles and guidelines : helping designers to be more creative

This is a pre-copyedited version of a contribution published in: Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018). IEA 2018. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 824, edited by Bagnara S., Tartaglia R., Albolino S., Alexander T., Fujita Y., published by Springer, Cham. The definitive authenticated version is available online via https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96071-5_17.The knowledge and application of Human Factors/Ergonomics (HFE) principles and guidelines can help designers to develop better products and services. However, they may also include design constraints that may affect designers’ creativity. Although both HFE principles and guidelines and creativity are considered essential in the design of products and services, the link between them is little researched. In this article a discussion is presented on the influence that HFE principles and guidelines can exert on the creativity of designers. It also presents case studies of HFE principles and guidelines and discusses how they can influence designers’ creativity. In addition, a set of recommendations is suggested to help designers apply ergonomic design principles and guidelines to stimulate creativity. It is concluded that HFE principles and guidelines can assist designers in creating safer and more efficient products and services and can also broaden their creative process and therefore the originality and appropriateness of products and services

The exon 13 duplication in the BRCA1 gene is a founder mutation present in geographicaly diverse populations

Recently, a 6-kb duplication of exon 13, which creates a frameshift in the coding sequence of the BRCA1 gene, has been described in three unrelated U.S. families of European ancestry and in one Portuguese family. Here, our goal was to estimate the frequency and geographic diversity of carriers of this duplication. To do this, a collaborative screening study was set up that involved 39 institutions from 19 countries and included 3,580 unrelated individuals with a family history of the disease and 934 early-onset breast and/or ovarian cancer cases. A total of 11 additional families carrying this mutation were identified in Australia (1), Belgium (1), Canada (1), Great Britain (6), and the United States (2). Haplotyping showed that they are likely to derive from a common ancestor, possibly of northern British origin. Our results demonstrate that it is strongly advisable, for laboratories carrying out screening either in English-speaking countries or in countries with historical links with Britain, to include within their BRCA1 screening protocols the polymerase chain reaction-based assay described in this report

Collective activities in a technology-mediated medical team. An analysis of epidemiological alert management

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Towards supporting evocation processes in creative design: A cognitive approach

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